Brainwave entrainment is a method to stimulate the brain into entering a specific state by using a pulsing sound, light, or electromagnetic field. The pulses elicit the brain’s ‘frequency following’ response, encouraging the brainwaves to align to the frequency of a given beat.
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Two frequently asked questions are, “What is neurofeedback?” And, “Is it the same thing as EEG biofeedback?
Neurofeedback is used synonymously with EEG biofeedback; however, it is a broader term. Neurofeedback refers to any type of brain biofeedback including: HEG (blood flow), fMRI and MEG (electromagnetic waves). EEG biofeedback is the technically correct term, and one that insurance companies use for their CPT codes. However, colloquially, some people use the term neurofeedback or neurotherapy.
So, what is neurofeedback?
Since birth we are always receiving feedback from our environment – it is the primary way that we learn a new skill. Learning how to ride a bicycle can literally be considered a form of biofeedback. In this scenario, the brain is receiving feedback from gravity on its states of balance. The brain learns how to regulate its states of balance while balancing on two wheels, and riding a bike becomes a new skill. After a short while you don’t even have to think about how to ride a bike to do it, and this new skill becomes permanent. Neurofeedback works in exactly the same way.
If we cut our hand, we can see the problem and either apply a Band-Aid or go for stitches if the injury is more severe. With brain issues, we can’t see the problem. We can only experience and describe the symptoms and how it affects our life. With neurofeedback, sensors are pasted on the scalp and software converts these brain states into visual and audio signals so that the brain can see itself in action. Instantaneously, it gets information on more or less productive states. Think of it as an electronic mirror. When the brain sees itself in action, it learns how to better balance its thoughts, feelings and focus.
The next question we frequently hear is, “What is a neurofeedback session like?”
The first session usually consists of creating 3 or 4 measurable goals that would most clearly reflect improvements in your quality of life. The following statements are examples of measurable goals:
“I usually spend about 45 minutes per day looking for lost objects.”
“I have panic attacks on average 2-3 times per week.”
“I have angry outbursts every time I speak with an in-law/”
“I become very insecure and obsessive whenever my partner leaves town for work”.
You’ll likely be asked about 90 questions about your sleep, mood, energy levels and reactions to stress, caffeine or alcohol. The software then determines a protocol based on your answers to the questions. An individualized protocol consists of information on:
Number of minutes
Sensor placement on your scalp
What brainwaves to train
When to move the sensors to the next location
A clinician will then place sensors on your head that pick up brainwaves signals. Nothing goes into your brain! The sensors just pick up your brain’s electrical activity, which is then magnified with an amplifier so that software can read the signals. Software then coverts the brain wave signals into meaningful information for the brain. It is important to remember that EEG biofeedback is training your brain and not your mind. Just as learning how to ride a bike is experiential – after all you can’t even see or hear gravity – EEG biofeedback is experiential. Your brain understands the information being fed back, and learns how to control its states of emotions, thoughts and arousal levels.
Brainwave entrainment is a method to stimulate the brain into entering a specific state by using a pulsing sound, light, or electromagnetic field. The pulses elicit the brain’s ‘frequency following’ response, encouraging the brainwaves to align to the frequency of a given beat.
This ‘frequency following’ response of brainwave entrainment can be seen in action with those prone to epilepsy. If a strobe flashes at their seizure frequency, the brain will ‘entrain’ to the flashing light, resulting in a seizure.
On the positive side, this same mechanism is commonly used to induce many brainwave states; such as a trance, enhanced focus, relaxation, meditation or sleep induction. The brainwave entrainment effectively pushes the entire brain into a certain state.
Brainwave entrainment works for almost everyone. It is a great way to lead your mind into states that you might usually have difficulty reaching, allowing you to experience what those states feel like.
THE HYPE
There is a lot of marketing hype around brainwave entrainment. It is sold with promises of increasing IQ, promoting weight loss, ‘mind-tripping’, enhancing creativity, concentration, inducing spiritual states and more.
While these claims are not entirely true, they are not altogether false either. In practice, the claims are based on an overly-simplistic view of how the brain and the brainwaves function.
THE RUB
People are very seldom deficient in a certain brainwave type in all areas of their brain. Usually the distribution is much spottier, with an excess in one area and a deficiency in another.
We are all different, especially when it comes to the distribution of our brainwaves. Boosting a certain brainwave state may be beneficial for one person, and emotionally uncomfortable for another. Without knowing each person’s starting position, entrainment can be rather ‘hit and miss’.
If brainwave entrainment leaves you with unwanted side-effects (see below) or discomfort, you’re probably encouraging a range of brainwaves that are already excessive in some area of your brain. The way around this is to get a brain map to see what your brain’s strengths and weaknesses are, and see what (if any) brainwaves could use some encouragement.